Most of my paper assignments require students to write an analytical essay in response to a specific question or closely related set of questions. Most of the non-text readings I assign in courses also are analytical essays. 

An analytical essay has three main qualities: First, it can be best described as a reasoned response to a question rather than a purely descriptive piece of writing or a personal statement of opinion. Second, analytical essays typically are organized around a single, well-ordered, and logical argument that is systematically developed throughout the entire paper. Third, analytical essays defend their arguments with a combination of logic, evidence, and analysis; thus, papers in my classes should focus closely on reading assignments, seminar materials, and/or outside research if required (of course, the mixture of these types of materials will depend the class, so please read each assignment's directions carefully). 

As the rest of this handout explains, there are two keys to writing a solid analytical essay: getting the essay started of right with a strong thesis statement and organizing the rest of the paper around effective topic sentences.  

The thesis statement and your essay's introduction

Regardless of length, every analytical paper you write for my classes must have a short thesis statement (usually a single sentence, but in no case more than two or three closely-related and consecutive sentences). The thesis statement identifies what your paper's major argument is. Normally, the thesis statement is located at the end of your paper's introductory paragraph. 

What specifically constitutes "an argument"? Your thesis statement need not be highly controversial but, you want to organize your paper around an argument or set of conclusions that goes beyond the patently obvious. 

As an example, let's say that you are responding to the following paper topic: 

Which president--Abraham Lincoln, FDR, or Ronald Reagan--was America's best leader? 

Either of the following examples would make an acceptable thesis statement (notice that you do not necessarily have to pick one of the three presidents as "best" to answer the question with an argument):

Abraham Lincoln's presidency best demonstrates the most important quality of executive leadership: the ability to mobilize a divided population behind a single cause when the country's national security is threatened.

Because their domestic programs transformed the economic and political landscape of their times, the presidencies of FDR, Lincoln, and Reagan all capture the essence of outstanding presidential leadership despite the fact that these three presidents guided America in quite distinctive ways.

Once you have completed a rough draft of your paper, make sure to review your thesis statement and the rest of your introduction in light of the analysis and evidence you have developed in the body of the essay. Assume in advance that you will need to rewrite parts of your introduction and revise your thesis statement. It is completely normal to discover in a first draft of a paper that you have developed and defended an argument that is somewhat different than what you initially intended to write. If you indicated in the thesis statement that you were going to develop three positions, but have ended up making two points, you must rework the statement to reflect this structural change in the essay. If you thought that you were going to reach a certain conclusion, but decided to  modify your stance mid-paper as you realized that the evidence did not support your original argument, your thesis needs to reflect your altered conclusion. 

As you proofread your paper's final draft, you should also pay attention to the clarity and elegance of the introduction. Since nothing is worse than staring at a blank computer screen, most student writers will "get their juices flowing" by starting their paper off with a couple of general, vague sentences that end up having little to do with what they end up writing in the body of the essay. Make sure to go back and rewrite your introductory sentences and thesis statement if they do not launch the final version of your essay effectively and elegantly.  

Topic sentences and the macro-organization of essays

In order to make your essay as clear as possible, it should be organized around paragraphs that have an obvious beginning, middle, and end. Most importantly, each and every paragraph should begin with a carefully-crafted topic sentence that adheres to the following two guidelines:

How do you identify and fix problems with topic sentences and the macro-organization of your essays?

Typically, when an essay is beginning to lose focus, you will find yourself starting your paragraphs with topic sentences that refer mostly to the content of the immediately-preceding paragraphs rather than back to the paper's thesis statement. The best way to keep your essay organized and focused is to ask yourself several questions as you begin each and every paragraph: 

You should always leave time to examine carefully your topic sentences as part of the proofreading process. I recommend that you use a highlighter to mark your thesis statement and the beginning sentence of each paragraph. Now, read through the essay's topic sentences one by one to check the logical flow of your paper's major argument. Ask yourself each of the following questions:  

As you proofread, keep an eye out for long, unwieldy paragraphs that could be easily shortened. Keep in mind that a paragraph that is much longer than half a page is usually hard for your reader to follow unless you have provided some type of organizational substructure (e.g.: There were three major consequences of the Civil War....A second outcome of the war was...A third consequence was...). Unless an idea/argument is so detailed and complicated that it requires a single-paragraph treatment to make sense, break up long paragraphs (three-quarters of a page or more in a double-spaced paper) into a series of smaller arguments that begin with separate topic sentences.  

Finally, don't procrastinate to the point that you make it impossible to submit your best work. Every task I have described above is easier to do when you aren't panicking, trying to get a paper composed at the absolute last minute. Students often tell me that they are not sure exactly what they are going to write until they midway through the first draft of their papers. This is not necessarily a problem. If you are like many of my academic colleagues, you may well find that you are able to form much more nuanced, sophisticated, and stronger arguments if you set aside the smaller organizational and content-choice decisions for a paper until you are actually writing it. The key is to start early and follow the steps I have outlined above so that you will produce a well-organized and focused paper.

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